Philosophy Essays Platonic Epistemology Socratic

Philosophy Essays Platonic Epistemology Socratic Platonic epistemology seeks answers to key questions regarding the nature of reality, man, mind/soul, knowledge, being and becoming. The nature of this paper allows only the broadest brush strokes across the Platonic canvas. However following a brief introduction in which I will discuss the Socratic method and its influence on Platonic philosophy. Plato like his predecessor and mentor Socrates, aimed to identify the world around him using a more in depth methodology, from others that had been employed previously. The more Humanistic nature of Socratic enquiry was in marked contrast to the pre Socratic Naturalist approach. In The Republic Plato sets about an examination of specific concepts presented as a serious of dialogues or in a dialectic style. Through various metaphors and dialectic prose Plato delineates theories of reality (including the world of forms and being), the doctrine of Recollection, the roles of dialectic and aporia, and the tripartite structure theories of man and state. Benjamin Jowett in his edition of The Republic suggests the greater aim of Platos work is the â€Å"search after justice† embodying the fields of reality, man and knowledge discussed â€Å"On the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and Polemarchus then caricatured by Thrasymachus reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus† all based on the constructs of man and state as delineated by Socrates Influenced by his mentor Socrates and other Greek thinkers mentioned by Jowett. Platos work is still applicable today in a priori philosophies; Idealists concepts such as the tripartite nature of Man and State would have remarkable relevance in modern political theories including Utilitarianism and Communisms. Andrew Levine in his book Engaging Political Philosophy postulates: â€Å"Rousseaus investigation in The Social Contract was the realm of Platonic ideas or forms in contrast to the world of appearances, where de facto legitimate states exists† Any discussion on Platonic epistemology must inevitably weigh the influence of the Socratic school. Platos Socrates is the key to understanding the complexity of Platos thought. Socratic contrarianism and its methodology of aporia, a sort of constant intellectual [foundational] doubting, left Socrates free to claim that he was the wisest of men and was at the same time ‘wise in no way great or small. Platos later theories and epistemology would develop with Socrates almost rebellious dialectical style, questioning the accepted traditional beliefs of Greek intellectual society. (The historic Socrates stood trial and was sentenced to death for preaching his philosophy publicly; he refused to discontinue the practise) Platos adoption of Socratic contrarianism pervades much of his writings, especially in concepts as fundamentally abstract as his denial of knowledge through empirical observation; As witnessed in the Theaetetus when the Socratic midwife prepares to assist the young Theaetetus with his labours while delivering a reply to Socrates question â€Å"what is knowledge.† When questioned Theaetetus equates knowledge with perception, after intense dialectical questioning, during which Socrates successfully refutes arguments that perception is (biconditional) knowledge Theaetetus finally agrees, (with restrictions) that perception is not knowledge. So commences the search for an answer to the question Socrates asks, â€Å" what is knowledge?† Plato rejected all empirical claims to understand the true nature of knowledge â€Å" Knowledge is not constituted by sense impressions, but by the inferences we make about them, by that means being and truth are attainable, in the other way it is impossible† In the Theaetetus Plato demonstrates the concept of being as â€Å"fundamental and universal† Socrates points to the specialization of bodily sense organs. If we ask which organs enable us to formulate opinions or judgements that range across more than one field of sense-experience, we cannot identify such a grouping. â€Å"the things you perceive by means of another for example, that objects of hearing can not be objects of the seeing and vice versa?† The possession of mathematical knowledge or the ability to formulate judgements does not reside in some empirical â€Å" Sorting office†, Socrates states in the Meno, â€Å"Then knowledge is related to what is and knows what is and is as it is. The objects of mind are eternal; those of the senses always changing. Knowledge never changes; opinion, which is not tied down, is subject to change.† It now seems clear that what the mind knows is being, that which is eternal and unchanging, while the senses inform us concerning the â€Å"intermediate flux† The realm of being is comprised of ideas or forms and that of becoming by changing things. â€Å"Aporia and refutative cross examination serve to purify ambiguous formulation by excluding false and misleading interpretations and opening the path to true ones† reflects Rosemary Desjardins, in Logos in Platos Theatetus. Platos dialogues may indeed be aporetic but by subjecting both his interlocutors and readers to elenchus and meiutic method he hopes to lead from gross perceptibility to finer cognition. The relentless inquisitiveness of the Socratic method in conjunction with aporia lends to a degree of abstraction in the nature of Platos philosophy (referred to in Jowetts introduction to The Republic) evidenced by the allegory of the cave, the doctrine of recollection, the nature of reality, the concept of the divided line, and the theory of forms. The allegory of the cave allowed Plato to postulate several ideas archetypal of Platonic philosophy. The allegory of the cave describes the limit placed on mankind, by an over reliance on sensory perception, and the subsequent systems of knowledge that relied on empirical evidence alone to deduct truths. For Plato, the resultant effect of mans self-shackling (empirical observation) is described in Book VII of The Republic. Plato views mankind as: â€Å"living in a underground [den] which has its mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and neck chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads† Plato does not give a finite explanation of enlightenments form nor does he give an example of reality, what he demonstrates in the allegory of the cave is a clear method or path, that man and society must pursue to achieve deeper knowledge of reality. Like the prisoners emergence from the cave, enlightenment at first will be difficult to understand, like the temporary blindness they suffer when first exposed to sunlight, its an arduous path that takes time, patience, temperance and practice, with the temptation for a return to former ignorance always present. Ignorance when lifted will deliver us into the Real world of philosophy with man finally comprehending his own place on the path to true knowledge. Plato delineates this movement with mathematics through the image of a straight line. He divides this imaginary line into two unequal segments, the large segment represents the intelligible world, and the smaller the visible world. He further divides these segments in the same ratio as his first division. The division in the larger segment represents the world of higher and lower forms (ideas). The division in the visible world represent visible objects and the lowest segment represents their shadows and reflections (imagination). For Plato the line represents the levels of cognition available to man and society. Socrates avowed mission was to educate the Athenian populace up until the last days of his life. He likened his mission to that of a gadfly, ‘stinging the lethargic Athenian horse into wakefulness through the application of philosophical dialectic (Socratic method) Plato believed if entered into in good faith, this method would ensure a cognitive assent along the divided line. He believed until individuals and society, collectively questioned the political, ethical, and moral status quo, conciousness would remain in bondage much like the prisoners restricted mechanical life in the cave. Answering his critics regarding the phenomenon of knowledge Plato states that the soul is immortal â€Å" the soul, since it is immortal, and has been born many times, and seen all things both here and in the other world, has learned every thing that is† Plato offers proof of the souls immortality, in the Phaedrus he postulates that its the nature of the soul to initiate its own changes, in effect to be self moving, rather than moved by an outside agency. Therefore the soul cannot be destroyed nor can it come into being. ‘It was not, nor will be, but always is, one whole continuum. (Parmenides.) To contemporary ears the Platonic soul bears great similarities to the Christian Soul unlike his Doctrine of Recollection or anamnesis; Platos Socrates denies his own wisdom; in the Apology he states, â€Å" human wisdom is worth little or nothing† he merely asserts that he is a â€Å" midwife† assisting in the â€Å"rebirth† of knowledge lying dormant in the mind Opinions proven wrong in the course Socratic investigation, does not demonstrate lack of knowledge, but rather, the clouding of mind on account of sensory perception. Platos Socrates asserts that dialectical investigation (with its constant questioning) would lead the inquiring mind towards clues, allowing it a recollection of what was already known through the many cycles of rebirth. Although considered a Platonic absolute the Doctrine of Recollection cannot be contested or proved. Platonic abstraction, denies legitimate validity to Empirical investigation. The a priori solution given by the slave boy in the Meno to the mathematical question posed by Socrates, hardly resolves this problem. Tying into the Doctrine of Recollection and the minds compromised judgement on account of sensory perception, Platos Theory of forms plays a greater role in the Allegory of the cave, where the impressions cast on the caves wall are believed to be real. For Plato the shadows on the wall were a reflection of empirical reality, which in turn was a reflection of a Reality whos dwelling lay in the realm of Forms (ideas). Platos theory of Forms is base on the notion that all things in the world share in common with a greater abstract (ideas) that in turn embodies all things in the empirical world. For example a small red chair, sharing certain physical characteristics in common with a large white chair, is not a real chair, but the perception of the abstract â€Å"chair† in which the white chair and all other chairs mimic. Plato translated his notion of the intangible into the Tripartite nature of man; man Plato contended, was comprised of physical material (the body), and the abstract immaterial (soul and mind). While co-dependant, the two parts ¾ matter and form ¾, function separately of each other.

Romatic Era :: essays research papers

19th Century Romanticism in Europe- Books related to 19th Century Romanticism in Europe- 19th Century Romanticism in Europe- Romanticism began in the early 19th century and radically changed the way people perceived themselves and the state of nature around them. Unlike Classicism, which stood for order and established the foundation for architecture, literature, painting and music, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was also a sharp contrast from ideas and harmony featured during the Enlightenment. The Romantic era grew alongside the Enlightenment, but concentrated on human diversity and looking at life in a new way. It was the combination of modern Science and Classicism that gave birth to Romanticism and introduced a new outlook on life that embraced emotion before rationality. Romanticism was a reactionary period of history when its seeds became planted in poetry, artwork and literature. The Romantics turned to the poet before the scientist to harbor their convictions (they found that the orderly, mechanistic universe that the Science thrived under was too narrow-minded, systematic and downright heartless in terms of feeling or emotional thought) and it was men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany who wrote "The Sorrows of Young Werther" which epitomized what Romanticism stood for. His character expressed feelings from the heart and gave way to a new trend of expressing emotions through individuality as opposed to collectivism. In England, there was a resurgence into Shakespearean drama since many Romantics believed that Shakespeare had not been fully appreciated during the 18th century. His style of drama and expression had been downplayed and ignored by the Enlightenment's narrow classical view of drama. Friedrich von Schlegel and Samuel Taylorleridge (from Germany and England respectively) were two critics of literature who believed that because of the Enlightenment's suppression of individual emotion as being free and imaginative, Shakespeare who have never written his material in the 19th century as opposed to the 18th century. The perception that the Enlightenment was destroying the natural human soul and substituting it with the mechanical, artificial heart was becoming prevalent across Europe. The Lyrical Ballads, published in 1798, was a series of poems that examined the beauty of nature and explored the actions of people in natural settings. Written by William Woodsworth, this form of

Jeanette Wintersons Written on the Body and Caryl Churchills Cloud Ni

Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body and Caryl Churchill's Cloud Nine In Jeanette Winterson’s Written on the Body and Caryl Churchill’s Cloud Nine differences between male and female roles in society become distinct. Through these differences, an intricate web of male and female characters seems to be woven, and we can see the clarity between gender roles. With the support of Churchill’s Cloud Nine by Jeffrey Barber, â€Å"You see, I am no stranger to love†: Jeanette Winterson and the Extasy of the Word by Celia Shiffer, and â€Å"Body Languages: Scientific and Aesthetic Discourses in Jeanette Winterson’s Written on the Body,† the idea of love and gender roles present in Jeanette Winterson’s Written on the Body and Caryl Churchill’s Cloud Nine become alive, and we see how these characters both form to and break from their assigned roles. The roles of the characters are exemplified by distinct differences between the genders through the presence of love and gender stereotypes, the dominant idea of nature, and the struggle between male and female characters with specific reference to sexual relationships and marriage. Gender stereotypes seem characteristic in both Written on the Body and Cloud Nine. Clearly the women are expected to be submissive, while the men are to be assertive. The first time we see the idea of these gender stereotypes in Cloud Nine is with Edward and his sister Victoria’s doll. Dolls are clearly not toys for boys; they are only for little girls. And so, when Edward is caught playing with the doll, his father and mother show disappointment in him because it is not proper for a boy to play with a doll. Edward gives the doll up unwillingly. The second time Edward is caught playing with the doll Betty says ... ...tinguishable, often seems figures as a condition of being human rather than coded with female specificity† (Shiffer 33). Schiffer draws our attention to a very important concept brought about throughout the two novels; the concept of loss. Love can only be measured by loss, and in Written on the Body the narrator realizes the importance of Louise and the impact she had on her life only after she is gone. However, when Betty leaves Clive in Cloud Nine she realizes all that she can do for herself, which furthermore signifies Clive’s irrelevance to her life. Both of these works explicitly work for and against one another both forming to and breaking from very intricate connections. Through both texts, we can see how each of the characters wants to conform to certain stereotypes, and how ultimately, many of the characters end up breaking from the stereotypes set forth.

evilmac Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Were Not Evil Essay example -- Macbe

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Were Not Evil      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's Macbeth contains many evil deeds, the majority of which are perpetrated by none other than the title character and his wife (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth). However, evil deeds don't necessarily mean an evil soul; Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were not inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Macbeth and his wife even committed their first evil act, they had doubts. "... Yet I do fear thy nature./It is too full o' the milk of human kindness/To catch the nearest wave..." (Disciples 13:15-0) Lady Macbeth says in her monologue after reading Macbeth's letter. While she is already planning for the death of the king, she knows that it will take an effort to convince Macbeth to go along with her vacation. She also doubts herself: "Stock up the access and passage to remorse, ...That my keen knife see not the wound it makes," (I.V.23:2). While she calls upon the powers of evil to aid her in her quest for love, she knows her 'weaknesses' (kindness, poor impulse control, etc.). She understands that she must change in order to be able to even assist Macbeth in committing the murder, hence she is not inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth doubts himself as he doubts his fatherhood. In one of his 'talking-to-himself' monologues (I.VII.8:28) he shows that he is not ready to be a father. He says that he has no reason to bear a child other than his own ambition ("... I have no spur/To prick the sides of my intent, but only/vaulting ambition... " (I.VII.25-27)) He also mentions that he would be so evil to commit the deed; he would first be violating his duty to protect his King, as wel... ...the nightmares she experiences due to the murder of Duncan. Sh has episodes of sleepwalking where she attempts to scrub the blood off her hands and cleanse herself of the evil deed. And she hadn't even killed Duncan. Again this shows that she was NOT inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are obviously amateurs at being evil. They doubted themselves and each other all through their evil acts, showing remorse and regret often. In fact, most of the evil that they committed can be almost directly linked to the Witches, who WERE inherently evil. They were the cause of their evil, not their souls. Therefore, Macbeth and his wife were clearly not the embodiment of pure evil. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.

Assessment and Planning of Discharge Needs in Geriatrics Essay

Elderly patients have unique discharge planning needs. As such, the hospital nurse and case management team may find themselves challenged to not only identify the needs of each patient, but to also address those needs when planning the patient’s discharge. In the case of Mr. Trosack, a 72-year-old widower being discharged following a total hip replacement (THR), careful assessment of his home situation needs to be completed prior to discharge to ensure his safety and continued recovery once home. Healthcare Issues  After reviewing the patient’s chart and performing interviews with the patient and his family, the case manager identifies three healthcare issues that need to be addressed on discharge.  ·The patient admits he has not seen a doctor in over 10 years prior to this hospitalization.  ·The patient has been diagnosed with two new health issues: hypertension and diabetes.  ·He has been prescribed new medications for each new diagnosis that he will need to continue taking after discharge.  ·The patient cannot identify pills he currently takes at home, stating simply that they are â€Å"vitamins† for â€Å"energy. Importance of Healthcare Issues Each of these issues needs to be addressed to ensure Mr. Trosack’s safety and continued recovery after discharge: The patient has not seen a doctor in over 10 years prior to this hospitalization. It is important for the case worker to find out why the patient has not seen any doctors, as it may be detrimental to his well-being. For example, did he have a bad experience with a previous provider and refuses to go back? Or, has he just not felt ill? Is his reasoning ability still sound? Or, is there some confusion? Is he in denial or facing fear that has kept him from seeing someone? If the patient is able to make sound decisions and simply has no concerns, he may do well at home. However, it may also be that he is unaware he should be seeing a physician, as â€Å"elderly patients may not report symptoms that they consider part of normal aging† (Besdine, 2009, para. 9). And, if he has had a bad experience in the past with a physician, it may have lead to a mistrust of the entire profession. If he has been refusing to see a doctor despite some concerns over the years, it could foreshadow similar situations in the future. He may not call when new problems or questions arise about is new medications. And, as evidenced by the cabinet of unused medications in the bathroom, he has a history of poor compliance, which could further impact his health. By discussing the reasons behind his lack of preventative care, the case manager will better understand the patient’s mindset and any concerns he may have. If a previous provider’s treatment or behavior has caused a mistrust of the profession, the case manager can recommend or introduce the patient to other providers, especially those that specialize in caring for geriatrics, as these providers have specialized training in caring for the elderly. If cost is a factor, the case manager can refer the patient to applicable programs such as food stamp programs, insurance and Medicare supplement policies, state-based programs, drug company assistance programs and more. If transportation is an issue, the case manager can refer to area agencies or senior citizen centers to utilize low-cost or volunteer-driven services that assist in transporting seniors. The patient has been newly diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes. New medical diagnoses can be scary for any individual, but with elderly patients, it can often bring about a new level of uncertainty and anxiety. Like all patients, they have questions about the new diagnosis and prescribed medications. However, the elderly patients of today grew up in a time when medical problems were not openly discussed. And now, society often looks at senior citizens as â€Å"lesser† citizens—a source for humor and pity in the media, weaker, less productive and expected to retire as they age (Day, 2011). Because of the way in which they were raised and the beliefs of society today, elderly patients may not feel comfortable asking questions. Knowing this, the nurse will look for additional clues from the patient’s interview as to how Mr. Trosack is feeling about his new diagnoses. During his interview with the case manager, the patient seems reluctant to accept his new diagnoses. Stating he doesn’t need any â€Å"darn† medications and doesn’t like being â€Å"disabled,† the patient also shows frustration. When a patient expresses this level of frustration and denial, there is an increased risk for lack of compliance. The need for education is greatly increased in this elderly patient. Because he has no outward symptoms of his new diagnoses, the patient does not feel he needs the new medications. The nurse needs to help the patient understand that his medications need to be continued to help prevent future symptoms from occurring. In addition, the nurse needs to be aware of additional challenges the patient may incur. Since elderly patients have often lost several members of their family (parents, siblings, even children in some cases), they are very much aware of their own mortality. A new diagnosis can bring a new awareness of that mortality, sometimes leading to a depression. When planning other discharge needs, the case manager needs to include these factors into her plan. Home health nurses can assist by visiting the patient at home during the week to ensure proper medication administration as well as assessing the patient for signs of depression and worsening hypertension, diabetes or depression. The patient has two new medications to continue upon discharge and cannot identify pills he currently takes at home. With the patient’s new diagnoses, he has been prescribed new medications. He has already voiced opposition to the idea of continuing these new medications because he does not feel he needs them. Because he does not feel they are needed, he is likely to have poor compliance in taking the medications. The patient would benefit greatly from education about why the medications have been prescribed and that–with appropriate compliance–he will be more likely to remain free of symptoms. The patient being unable to state which pills he does take on a daily basis is cause for concern. Without the name of the pills, there is no way to verify its overall safety. Furthermore, the nurse and case manager cannot be sure there are no contraindications to taking the newly prescribed medications with the pre-admission supplements. The patient’s inability to recall the name of the pills also reiterates the concerns above regarding the new medications he has been prescribed. The case manager needs to work with the patient’s nurse to ensure the patient understands the importance of maintaining a current medication list, including over-the-counter â€Å"vitamins† for â€Å"energy,† to avoid future problems when being seen for other medical concerns. The Interdisciplinary Team For the patient’s discharge to be a success, the case manager needs to incorporate appropriate members of the healthcare team to make a discharge plan. In the case of Mr. Trosack, this interdisciplinary team needs to include the patient’s nurse, physical and occupational therapy staff, a dietician, a pharmacist, and staff from the local home health agency or public health district. Each member of the team will bring to the discharge plan a unique vision for the patient’s recovery. The nurse is familiar with the patient’s medical history, as well as his feelings regarding his new diagnoses and medications. S/He has learned how best to communicate with the patient and worked to educate the patient on his new health problems and medications. In creating a discharge plan, the nurse will share this information with the home health nurse, include the medication and treatment regimens that are to be continued, and identify goals for the patient related to each. The physical therapist will instruct the team on the patient’s abilities and limitations in relation to the patient’s ambulation and transfers. He may visit the patient’s home to complete an evaluation of additional needs. And, he will create an exercise regimen for the patient to continue once home and make recommendations for assistive devices that the patient may be able to use. The occupational therapist will also identify assistive devices and continued therapy needs, however, these recommendations will be in relation to the patient’s activities of daily living (ADLs) rather than ambulation. She will watch the patient get completely dressed to identify any special needs and assess risk (can the patient tie his shoes or will the laces be a fall hazard? ). She will assess the patient’s ability to shower or bathe, looking for shortcomings or safety concerns. She may also visit the home to complete a home safety evaluation, watch the patient has he carries out his ADLs, and make recommendations for ways to alter his methods to ensure safety. The dietician will make nutritional recommendations based on the patient’s needs for adequate healing. In doing so, she will take into consideration his abilities and limitations identified by the physical and occupational therapists. The dietician may suggest menus for the patient to follow. And, her knowledge of nutrition will allow for suggestions on easy-to-carry foods, snacks or supplements that require no refrigeration and can be stored outside the kitchen, making it easier for the patient to obtain. The pharmacist will provide the other members of the team with information related to his medication regimen. He will alert the other team members to possible side effects, adverse reactions and interactions that may occur. This information will be helpful to the other members of the team as they make their own recommendations for needs after discharge. The dietician will nclude foods that have less chance of interacting with medications and the therapy staff will be alerted to side effects that may impact the patient’s safety. Because the patient will be homebound, he will likely be referred to home health. The staff from the home health agency or public health district will take the information from all of the team members in making their own plans for assignment and recommendations after discharge. They will perform safety evaluations of their own to identify risks for patient and staff alike. They will assign staff to the patient based on the recommendations from the nurse and therapists. They may sign the patient up for meals-on-wheels, or a similar program, based on the recommendations of the dietician and assessments of the patient’s ability to cook and clean up as needed. They will reiterate the teaching provided by the nurse and therapists while visiting the patient and look for side effects or adverse reactions while working with the patient. In short, they will develop a complete plan of care to incorporate all of the feedback from the interdisciplinary team. Safety Assessment There are several areas of concern in regards to safety at the patient’s residence. First, the patient requires a walker and lives on the second floor in a building with no elevator. This presents a safety issue, as well as a potential psychosocial problem. Not only will the patient be unable to safely enter his apartment without assistance; but, he will also not be able to safely leave. The patient, should he reach his apartment after discharge, would be isolated from friends and family and completely homebound. He would not be able to assist in the bakery located downstairs; instead, becoming dependant on his brother to maintain the business. Additionally, the family members interviewed by the case manager share concerns about the patient’s safety once inside his apartment, due to the small and cluttered environment. They worry that the apartment is too cluttered with memorabilia from World War II for him to safely ambulate with a walker. Per the safety assessment, there are also several rugs throughout the space. Each rug represents a trip hazard and should be removed from the environment prior to the patient’s discharge home. Additionally, there are no safety devices in the bathroom. While these devices can be installed, the patient is at risk until the installation is complete. And, until the devices are installed, the patient cannot be assessed by the occupational therapist to ensure safe use. With the safety issues present in his current apartment, it is unlikely the patient will continue to improve in this environment. Not only is he at a high risk for fall and injury in this apartment, but his mobility will also be greatly limited by the crowded environment, reducing his physical activity. Such limitation would reduce the patient’s physical improvement, which is vital in recovery from a total hip replacement. Discharge Planning Needs Per the family interview, there is a lack of support available to the patient. For any patient to recovery successfully after discharge from the inpatient setting, they must have adequate support from friends and family. Elderly patients are especially reliant on adequate support, as they are more likely to experience a functional decline from baseline in the two weeks following a hospital discharge (Naylor et al. , 1994). Mr. Trosack has a brother and a married middle-aged son. Mr. Trosack co-owns the bakery with his brother, who is now running the bakery on his own. His son is somewhat estranged due to a difference in religious beliefs, has a young family of his own, and works nearly 60 hours a week, as does his wife. None of the people closest to Mr. Trosack can make him a priority in their lives. During the family interview, the case manager learns that they were planning on taking turns assisting the patient in his home. However, their busy lifestyles leave little time for that and they do not want to bring in outside assistance. Further, the family does not seem to understand the importance of regular medication administration in addition to denying the two new medical conditions exist since the patient has shown no outward symptoms of being sick. Their answer to cleaning up the apartment is throwing away some of the patient’s most treasured items. Rather than asking for suggestions in making the apartment safer, the family would prefer to have Mr. Trosack dispose of his memorabilia from World War II. This, combined with the social isolation brought on by being homebound and unable to participate in his long-time business, would worsen his chances of developing depression. Should the patient develop depression, his recovery would be further impacted by lack of compliance with medications (Carney, Freedland, Eisen, Rich, & Jaffe, 1995). Further, depression can lead to elderly patients becoming confused or forgetful, eating less, poor hygiene, and becoming further isolated from friends and family (â€Å"A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia,† n. d. ), all of which would further delay a complete recovery. Social Isolation & Psychological Factors With the patient’s physical limitations, if he were to discharge to his apartment, he would be isolated from the outside world. Because he still relies on a walker, he would be unable to climb or descend the stairs and unable to participate in his own bakery business. He would also rely on visitors for his groceries, trash removal as well as any social interaction. Despite the fact that family members are physically close to his apartment, the relationships are strained and their schedules do not allow for him to become a priority in their lives. When patients are socially isolated, they tend to do poorly. Not only do socially isolated people tend to become anxious and depressed, but they are also more likely to develop high blood pressure. Additionally, isolation has been significantly correlated both with an extended wound-healing time (Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2003). Despite the length of time the patient has been in the hospital setting, he is still recovering and his body is still healing. The patient needs to be in an environment that promotes healing. Furthermore, isolation has also been shown to cause impaired vision and hearing, which could increase the likelihood of fall and injury in the patient’s cluttered apartment (Frintner, 2008) In addition to the health-related dangers of social isolation, there are emotional reactions to isolation that one should consider when planning Mr.  Trosack’s discharge. Isolation and loneliness not only affect the body’s immune and cardiovascular systems, but it can also lead to sleep disturbances and depression (Marano, 2003). Depression makes social interactions difficult and sometimes even stressful, causing the depressed person to withdraw from family and friends even more. And, with the patient being unable to fulfill his duties at his family-owned business, the likelihood of dev eloping depression increases, due to a reduced sense of purpose (Smith, Robinson, & Segal, 2011). The patient’s risk for isolation upon discharge home indicates that the patient may do better in another setting. Recommendation Upon review of Mr. Trosack’s chart, interviews with the patient and family and the safety assessment performed, it is the recommendation of this writer that the patient not be discharged home. This recommendation would be different if the patient lived on a first-floor apartment or had access to an elevator. However, given the safety and isolation issues present in his home, the patient would be better served in an assisted living facility. Because the patient does not need skilled nursing care, and can perform his most of his ADLs, the patient does not require nursing home placement. An assisted living facility would allow the patient to have some independence in regards to his individual space and performing his ADLs while ensuring the patient a safe environment. An assisted living facility allows for monitoring of the patient overall wellness and general health and can coordinate medication administration and monitor compliance (Maryland State Bar Association, 1998). The services provided by the assisted living facility would help to ensure that the patient stays safe by keeping a watchful eye on the patient—routine safety checks are performed and fall risks are identified and corrected as needed. The facility can also monitor his overall health through the routine safety checks as well as monitor his medication compliance, ensuring the patient takes his medications as scheduled. Furthermore, several facilities offer social activities, which would increase the patient’s likelihood of continued physical activity and reduce the risk of depression and decline after discharge.

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology Essay

A hu hu objet dartness macrocosm experiences himself, his aspects and feelings as something illogical from the residue, a benignant of optical hypocrisy of his consciousness, tell Albert Einstein. Our task must(prenominal) be to free ourselves from this prison by rig our compassion to embrace alto acquireher t octogenarian reinforce custodyt creatures and the unharmed of record in its ravisher (Heart Quotes). Einsteins cypher on spirit is similar to that of Indian Buddhistics. Life-giving Indian weather godly the Buddhist cyclical view of changeover while the rugged terrain of Greece inspired their vinegarish offlook on reputation.Buddhists recollect patch is aneness with reputation while classic storyology emphasizes the all-importance of existence. Buddhists live in concord with spirit w hereas the classicals set up violence to contendds it and all its creatures. However, as the classical mindset jailbreaked towards doctrine, so did it prison-b reaking towards similar reverence towards nature. The defining character between these two perspectives on intent is that the expectation on nature of Buddhists show values from the mental picture that all is in harmony with Atman, whereas the Greek outlook on nature shows that man is above nature.India is a country of lush subject fields, striking mountains, stunning deserts, and dazzling bays. 2, 545 years ago, this incredible scene served as the concealmentdrop to Buddhas brio and so fartual Enlightenment, from which Buddhist teachings would 1 day age grow (Eckel 6). The impact of Buddhas surround on Buddhist thinking is obvious, peculiarly when iodin clutchs into consideration Indias outstanding chastenal climate changes. E genuinely spend in India, the monsoons arrive. E truly summer in India is monsoon season, a condemnation of torrential bluepours barbaric uninterrupted for months.Before these monsoons, the earth is arid and parched food and water a r scarce. It is, in e truly way, a season of destruction. Then, however, the rain arrives, harsh and relentless, and support giving n unmatchab allowheless. The rain is the amniotic gas catalyzing the re-entrance of life unto the barren earth. This annual daily round of shoe sterilizers last and metempsychosis presents the native pot with a dire ultimatum they must each obey nature or non survive. If they try to go against natures course, they exit inevitably fail. spirit controls life. spy this phenomenon, Buddhists learned from nature and agnize that this round of drinks smoke be found e precisewhere.They realized that humans under(a)go an equivalent rhythm method of birth control called samsara, or reincarnation. - He could no long-lasting distinguish the galore(postnominal) voices, the cheerful from the weeping, the childrens from the mens they all belonged together. The bewail of the knowers yearning and laughing, the squall of the angry, the moaning of t he dying- e genuinelything was iodin everything was entwined and entwisted, was interwoven a grounds fold. And all of it together, all voices, all goals, all yearnings, all sufferings, all pleasures, all trade good and evil-the world was everything together.Everything together was the river of events, was the music of life. And when Siddhartha listened attentively to this river, listened to this song of a potassium voices, when he did non listen to sorrow or laughter, when he did non bring his nous to whatsoever adept voice and did not enter them with his ego, but listened to all of them, comprehend the wholeness, the coalition- indeed the great song of the thousand voices consisted of a single word, which was om perfection be to the oneness (Hesse 118-119). At the core of Buddhism lies an definitive lesson somewhat maya and Enlightenment. To consecrate Enlightenment, one must consider all. ane of the first stairs towards such understanding is to understand maya, or illusion. Everything that one sees, feels, and tastes belongs to the world of maya. Even one does not exist but in the world of maya. Thus, if all does not exist, therefore all is jibe. One is equal to everything in the surrounding world, especially nature. All ar one in Atman, which is the heart of all of Buddhism. Everything is one. All of this separation from nature and from one an early(a) is simply maya, or an illusion. Consequently, in Buddhism, any injustice done to nature is an injustice to oneself.To reach Enlightenment, stay and oneness with nature ar essential. domain and nature be one. therefore, everyone and everything, especially nature, should be toughened as so. Siddhartha said, This stone is a stone, it is in any case an animal, it is excessively God, it is withal the Buddha, I tell a art object and honor it not beca accustom it would be get along with this or that someday, but because of this because it is a stone, because it appears to me now and fo rthwith as a stone, it is on the dot because of this that I acknowledge it and see worth and gist in each of its veins and pits, in the yellow, in the gray, in the hardness, in the sound it emits when I tap it,in the dryness or dampness of its sur present.That is precisely what I the like and what seems wonderful to me and worthy of faithI stimulate sex the stone and the river and all these things that we st are and also a point or a piece of bark. These are things and things spate be loved (Hesse 126-127). In harmony with the principle of reincarnation, any plant, creature, or other aspect of nature is a segmentation of the cycle of rebirth. Therefore, any of these discharge one day become a man, for when something in nature dies, it undergoes the cycle of rebirth and can be reborn as anything.One day, it lead become a human. temperament appreciations the ability within itself to be a human and, for that reason, should be considered as an equal. The avowedly magnit ude of natures forepart in Buddhism is authentically portrayed by the distinct mentioning of Siddhartha reaching enlightenment under a tree, specifically the Bodhi tree or the Asiatic fig tree (Gach 16). The biblical account of the Enlightenment of Buddha gives this significance to nature when Buddha sits under the Bodhi tree for seven whole days.After the seven days, the Buddha gets up exactly to sit exhaust again at an Ajapala banyan-tree for another(prenominal) length of time. He rises one time again just to sit down once more at the understructure of a Mucalinda tree (Bodhi Leaf). personality is therefore make clear as one of the close to measurable aspects of Buddhism. As Buddhists have such a thick-skulled reverence for nature, they remember in safe memory peace with every aspect of nature. This does not just recall plants but also animals and other living creatures. However, that does not mingy that all Buddhists must be vegetarians although it is strongly sugg ested to do so.It is said that the act of take effect is a form of karma that go forth lead a person farther from Enlightenment. Therefore, the more tenderness one take in ones unhomogeneous lives, the more times one will have to experience the cycle of death and rebirth. On the other hand, some Buddhists believe in another view of meat eating. One is allowed to eat meat that one receives unless one knows or suspects that the meat in question was killed especially for one (Epstein). As far as sacrificial practices, meat is not sacrificed but instead herbs and odourise are given up in prayer.Peace is a very historic aspect of treating nature. Peace comes in many forms peace towards environment, towards creatures, towards man, etc. A Buddhist definition of peace is softening what is steadfast in our hearts (Chodron 17). In keeping with their attitude towards nature, Buddhists also believe that a man should not kill another man for any reason. In Buddhism, war is never the an swer. In circumstance, the first hardly a(prenominal) lines of the Dhammapada, a Buddhist scripture, state For love is not conquered by despise hate is conquered by love.This is a law pure(a) (Chappell 81). Therefore, instead of trash hate with hate, Buddhists believe in skirmishing hate with love. That is the entirely way to overcome and to reach Enlightenment. When somebody undertakes, said Siddhartha, then it easily happens that his eyeball see only the thing that he seeks, and he is able to go nought, to take in nothing because he eternally thinks only about the thing he is desire, because he has one goal, because he is ghost with his goal. Seeking means having a goal. only if finding means existence free, world open, having no goal.You, Venerable One, may truly be a seeker, for, in essay toward your goal, you fail to see certain things that are adept under your nose. (Hesse, 121-122) As previously stated, to reach Enlightenment, Buddhists believe all that is call for is understanding. The last-ditch goal of Buddhists is to attain this understanding, this meaning, this Enlightenment. However, one must be aware that pass a life seeking is not the way to reach Enlightenment. To be a faithful Buddhist, one must understand that the key is not to seek.For, in seeking, as this quote says, the obvious is not seen. Buddhism then teaches that to reach Enlightenment, one must find not seek. Therefore, Buddhists do not seek to explain nature (Hanh 78). They are national with nature as it is- unexplained, for natures explanations can be found without seeking. Is this what you mean that the river is everywhere at once, at its fountain and at its mouth, at the waterfall, at the ferry, at the rapids, in the sea ,in the mountains, everywhere at once, and only the present exists for it, and not the fag end of the future? That is it, said Siddhartha. And when I learned that, I looked at my life, and it was also a river and the boy Siddhartha was se parated from the adult Siddhartha and from the old man Siddhartha only by shadow, not by substance. Nor were Siddharthas earlier births the past, and his death and his re free rein to Atman are no future. cryptograph was, nothing will be everything is, everything has being and is present (Hesse 94). A final important aspect of Buddhism is the conception that time does not exist. Time is a man-make capriciousness that does nothing but bring about worries.All sufferings in life can be attributed to time. Buddhists believe that once the concept of time is released, life will hold no more problems, worries, or stresses. only(prenominal) then can Enlightenment be truly reached. When the concept of time is sunk inside oneself, it allows for a completely tonic philosophy to surface. Greece is a country seamed with hostile, jagged mountains, in which there are very few arable stance surrounded by threatening seas. There is no cycle, no preconception, no structure. To the antediluvia n patriarch Greeks, it seemed that nature was not kind nature was no friend to them.Therefore, their logic unflinching that they should be no friend to nature. such(prenominal) was the physical and mental location of this people, and the jump of many differences between Greek judgement and Buddhism. Greeks living about six vitamin C years ere the birth of Christ were very phantasmal, as well as very diverse spiritually. All the answers to their questions were found in unalike faiths. superannuated Greeks passed down their religious traditions orally done fictions. A myth is a story about the gods which sets out to explain why life is as it is (Gaarder, 22).Greek mythology was an integral part of Greek refinement. The miracle of Greece is a phrase that describes the awakening of Greek culture and its effects on the time out of the world. One way the Greeks accomplished this was by means of their focus on mans importance. They put mankind at the heart and soul of their wo rld so that man was all-important. The Greeks even created the gods in their own image, complete with very human qualities. This was the first time in history that a god was do into a recognizable, tangible form. Erstwhile, gods had no lucidity about them.Greek artists and poets realized how subtle a man could be, straight and brisk and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some semblance shaped in their own minds (Hamilton, 9). Man was put on a stem and made the or so prominent being in the world, so that he was made into a deity. Any human could be the son of a god, thereby half-divine, an sentiment unheard of before this time. This whim of man being the ultimate authority is in complete contradiction to Buddhism, where man was equal to nature, not above it.And soon as the men had prayed and flung the barley, first they lifted back the heads of the victims, slit their throats, skinned them and carved outside(a) the meat fro m the thighbones and wrapped them in fat, a double fold sliced new and topped with strips of flesh. And the old man destroy-over these over dried split woodland and over the quarters poured out appear wine while young men at his side held five-pronged forks. Once they had burned the bones and tasted the organs they cut the rest into pieces, pierced them with spits, roasted them to a turn and pulled them off the fire (Homer 93)Myths were also employ for other purposes than learning. But a myth was not only an explanation. People also carried out religious ceremonies related to the myths (Gaarder, 25). resembling most other trusts at the time, the antiquated Greeks religions consisted of brutal rituals and rites that contrasted greatly to the thoughts of Buddhism (Connolly 87). Buddhism teaches of kindness to animals whereas Greek religion utilized animal pitilessness as part of their holy worship to the gods. The gods of Olympus, who were created in the ultimate image of the Greek people, use the forms of innocent animals to manipulate and get what they treasured.In many instances, Zeus used the guise of animals when he wanted to restrain a woman and gain her trust. That very instant Zeus fell madly in love with Europa He thought it well to be cautious, and before appearing to Europa he changed himself into a bulls eye (Hamilton 101). However, rather than setting an mannequin to revere animals, this teaches people to use animals in any way possible to reach the desired end. Even more contradictory to Buddhism was the fact that a Greek gunslinger was someone who had extreme strength or other physical features that he could use against animals.Hercules is one of the best examples of this notion. He is considered the superior Greek hero ever to live. finished a tragic sequence of events, he killed his sons and wife, but was doomed to live on in order to undergo a series of trials to redeem himself. His first troth was to kill the lion of Nemea. Hercules solved that by choking the life out of the lion (Hamilton 231). Hercules also had to drive out the Stymphalian birds, which were a blighter to the people of Stymphalus because of their enormous numbers (Hamilton 232).This shows that, contrasted Buddhists, Greeks could not live in peace with nature, but instead hated nature. antediluvian Greeks did not want anything to do with nature, let alone be a part of it. Hercules also had to capture many animals in these trials such as the stag with horns of funds, a great boar which had its hideout on Mount Erymanthus, the savage bull that Poseidon had given Minos, the man-eating mares of King Diomedes of Thrace, the cattle of Geryon, and hellhound the three-headed dog (Hamilton 232-233).Hercules inspired the Greeks not by staying in peace with nature but instead by forcing it to conform to his will in a harsh, cruel way. Hercules made sure he was above nature, a predicament the Buddhists avoided and even condemned. In summary, Greeks wanted to overcome nature whereas Buddhists wanted to be one with nature. So by the peck ships the Argives formed for battle, arming round you, Achilles Achilles voracious for war-and faced the Trojan ranks along the plains high groundThe Achaeans kept on gaining glorification- great Achilles who held back from the brutal weight-lifting so long had just come blazing forth.Chilling tremors shook the Trojans knees, down to the last man, terrified at the green goddess the headlong runner coming, gleaming in all his gear, afire like man-destroying Ares (Homer 503, 505). As previously stated, Buddhists lived by the doctrine to fight hate with love. If old-fashioned Greeks had a short doctrine about war, it would have been to fight hate with more hate. old-fashioned Greek civilization centralized around their love of carnage. The majority of Ancient Greek myths turn around war or other forms of fighting.The Iliad is a 537-page myth about one war and it glorifies all aspects of war. The heroes of The Iliad are not monks or The Buddha like in Buddhism. Instead, the heroes of The Iliad are Achilles and Hector, two soldiers magnificent in state of war and bloodthirsty through and through. In addition, Achilles is most illustrious in The Iliad when he is the most sanguinary. Diomedes went whirling into the slaughter now, hacking left and effective and hideous groans broke from the drying Thracians slashed by the sword-the ground ran red with blood.Tydeus son went bowelless into that Thracian camp until hed butchered twelve. But now the son of Tydeus came upon the king, the thirteenth man, and ripped aside his life. Patroclus tore Pronouss chest left unembellished by the shield-rim, loosed his knees and the man went crashing down. Then Patroclus stabbed Thestors right jawbone, ramming the spearhead square between his teething so hard he qualified him by that spearhead over the chariot-rail, hoisted, dragged the Trojan out. Patroclus then gaffed him o ff his car and flipped him down face first, dead as he fell. conterminous he flung a rock and it touch between Erylauss eyes and the mans whole skull split in his loaded down(p) helmet. Patroclus crowded clay on corpse on the earth. (Homer, 292, 426-427) Even more fearsome to the eyes of Buddhists would be the battle scenes in The Iliad that truly show the awe and glory the ancient Greeks saw in war. The Iliad was a myth that served more as merriment than anything else. This shows that Ancient Greeks were amused by this kind of literature. Buddhists believe in not seeking to explain nature. By contrast, Ancient Greeks did precisely this with their myths.A myth is an explanation of something in nature how, for instance, any and everything in the universe came into existence men, animals, this of that tree or hot flash, the sun, the moon, the stars, storms, eruptions, earthquakes, all that is and all that happens (Hamilton 12). Ancient Greeks wanted to know how everything hap pened around them so they could manipulate their environment more easily. This is a central division between Ancient Greeks and Buddhism. Whereas Buddhists believe that time does not exist, Ancient Greeks were engrossed by time.All passim The Iliad, Homer stresses how long the war has been freeing on and how it worries and distresses everyone involved. Unlike Buddhists, the Greeks do not disown the belief of time. They stay neat to the traditional man-made vision of time instead of throwing out their problems by abandoning the idea of time. The natural philosopher Heraclitus (c. 540-480 B. C. ) was from Ephesus in Asia Minor. He thought that constant change, or glow, was in fact the most basic characteristic of nature. Everything flows, said Heraclitus.Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we cannot step twice into the alike river. When I step into the river for the second time, neither I nor the river are the same (Gaarder 34). Slowly, Gree k culture started to move away from religion and more towards philosophy. It evolved from a mythological direction of thought to one based on experience and reason (Gaarder 27). People could make ideas for themselves and create new beliefs instead of glimmering out back to the myths. The world started a shift from relying on religion to analyzing the world with apprehension and philosophy.Surprisingly, this is where similarities between Greek and Buddhist culture were born. At first, the two religions of the ancient Greeks and the Buddhists clashed greatly. However, through the move away from mythical religion the Greek beliefs were brought closer towards the religion of Buddhism. Heraclitus here used the same metaphor for his philosophy as Siddhartha used for his. Although the passages were said in different situations and with different words, both quotes have the same general philosophy that time does not truly exist. A river is usually a sign of separation a river acts as a divider in most cases.However, this river brings two very different cultures together in a very powerful way that is clear to all. spirit is everything outside and inside a man or a woman or a child. Nature is every breath taken, every step forward, every regard made, every wind blown, and every flower planted. The two cultures of Greece and Buddhism showed great contrasts in the arising but one resounding coincidence was found in something as primary as a river. India shows a cyclic weather that inspired the thought of rebirth while Greece shows a harsh terrain that inspired animosity between man and nature.As a consequence, Buddhists thought that nature and man are one while Greeks were taught to be above nature and manipulate it in any way possible. Buddhists lived in ultimate peace while the ancient Greeks lived in love of carnage. The Buddhist outlook on nature is derived from the belief that man is one with nature whereas the original Greek outlook is derived from the th ought that man is above nature. Nature is the essence of the world, the aura of everything around people. These two cultures, although vastly different, impacted human belief and intellect forever.

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

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